Analysis Of Wood Waste At Attwood Bay Environmental Sciences Essay

In the wake of reevaluating the ROV and SCUBA transect informations, plainly there have been significant effects on the Marine condition brought about by the lacrimation of wood at Attwood Bay. This was confirm by the near volumes and conveyances of wood squander these days on the sea depths during the 2006 and 2009 site considers. Reports gathered from the 2006 ROV and 2009 SCUBA site considers demonstrated that the aggregate of wood squander collected at this site has expanded since the underlying site visit. A more prominent extent of the substrate was seeable during the 2006 examination when contrasted with the 2009 picture film where a great part of the substrate was completely secured with wood squander and in like manner its making could non be resolved. This site showed low species assorted variety and plentifulness, in 2006 and 2009 as contrasted and unimpacted locales. It is acceptable reported that gradual additions of bark and other woody residue on the sea depths contrarily impacts benthal infaunal and epifaunal assorted variety and bounteousness ( Kirkpatrick et.al 1998, Pease, 1974, Conlan, K.E. what's more, Ellis, D.V. , 1979. furthermore, Jackson, R.G. 1986 ) . Wood squander contrarily impacts benthal networks as it is known to drain conceivably poisonous natural mixes into the H2O, has a high organic O request and can encompass benthal ( particularly infaunal ) networks ( Pease, 1974 ) . The specific nature and effects of wood squander leachates is non to the full seen, in any case these lignin-based substances are known to accelerate out in ocean H2O, and accepted to choose and adversely sway benthal home grounds ( Duval, 1980 ) . Zones of bark gradual addition have been found to hold a higher natural O request than environing stores whereby take bringing down the broke down O substance of the superimposed H2O ( Pease, 1974 and Picard, 2002 ) . Numerous benthal spineless creatures ( particularly infaunal ) can't toward the end in anoxic conditions and along these lines are acceptable indexs of modifications in benthal home ground conditions ( Pease, 1974 and Samis et.al. , 1999 ) . Moreover, wood squander that amasses on the sea depths jumbles benthic infaunal marine life ( exceptionally pelecypods ) whereby cut bringing down the populaces of quarry species accessible to bigger benthal raiders, for example, pediculosis pubiss and so on ( Picard, 2003 ) . The insufficiency of pelecypods and other seeable infaunal creatures ( with the prohibition of cylinder abiding windflowers ) at this site is not out of the ordinary given the entirety of wood squander screen. A continuous bed of wood squander thwarts the state and enrolling of numerous benthal creatures and can chop down basic reef nearshore natural surroundings used for rise uping adolescents. ( Samis et.al,1999 ) . A significant number of the species saw in the examination pictures were known to be stronger to wood dust, viz. ocean Cucumis sativuss ( Parastichopus californicus ) , arranged ocean stars ( viz. Pycnopodia helianthoides ) , brickle stars ( Ophiuoroidea ) and arranged fish species ( Kirkpatrick e t.al. 1998 ) . These species are motile and are consequently less simple covered by wood squander growths and are all around suspension feeders ( brickle stars ) or detritivores and subsequently do non trust on a sound infaunal network for supplement. It is accepted that ocean cucumbers ( Parastichopus californicus ) provender on the plentiful bug populaces populating the bed of wood waste, and Sun stars are general pirates known to benefit from ocean Cucumis sativuss ( University of Michigan Museum of Biology, 2009 ) . As great, the high frequence of discovered huge swimming ocean slug ( Dendronotus banner ) was reasonable given that they feed on the arms of the tubing agonizing windflower ( Pachycerianthus fimbriatus ) and layer their eggs on the tubing. By and large the species bounty and assorted variety at this site was essentially not exactly practically identical home grounds non affected by logging exercises. Diminished accessible O, combined with conceivably poisonous leach ates and the encompassing result of thick residue screen clarifies why a decline in animal varieties decent variety and populace unpredictability is seen in nations where water-based logging has happened, including the Attwood Bay log poop site. Past site examinations led for BCTS have indicated that profound water home grounds are all things considered the most generally affected by gradual additions of bark and other woody residue. Attwood is no rejection, in spite of the way that the crap is nearly shallow, the effects of wood squander have still been found to increment with profundity ( Figure 5 ) . Extreme effects were found all through the site get bringing down between - 4 to - 6m profundity and go oning past the furthest degree of the SCUBA transects. Pieces of information gathered from the ROV study demonstrated these effects augmenting to ( and most likely past ) - 50m profundity. In view of these perceptions, and perceptions at comparable log poo destinations where effects on territory expansion with profundity, it is normal that horrible effects at this site other than proceed into more profound H2O. In spite of the fact that unimpacted profound water home grounds habitually display lower species assorted variety and copiousnesss than shallow-water home grounds because of chop down light invasion and essential productiveness ; the species abundance in more profound nations at this site is still short of what one would envision to occur in nations which have non been affected by wood lacrimation exercises. Wood squander is shipped in the Marine condition by moving edges, air current and flows and oftentimes kept in profound H2O nations ( Kirkpatrick et.al. 1998 ) . Transport of woody residue to more profound nations extends the effect nation from shallower to more profound H2O. This site is non known to see significant ebb and flow stream and subsequently diminished momentum and flowing flushing in more profound nations has brought about the growth of beds of wood squander making a covering spread over the ocean bottom. The moderate separation of this stored wood squander is other than anticipated to hold expanded anoxic conditions for benthal creatures, cut bringing down species assorted va riety and abundance. Picard et Al. distinguished that effects of wood waste can last numerous decennaries and even hundreds of years ( 2003 ) . The conceivable exists for the profound H2O home ground impacts saw in Attwood Bay to be long changeless as these awful effects were watched even in 2006 after 7 mature ages of inaction at the site ( Price, 2007 ) . Pulling choices on whether or non a site is demonstrating characteristics of recuperation is a cardinal viewpoint of the evaluation technique. While this snippet of data is worked in towards dynamic, and A ; acirc ; ˆ?recovery and A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢ presently can't seem to be characterized because of the restricted whole of logical data accessible. At present, the rule strategy for log crap evaluations joins only the conglomeration of large scale epifaunal data ( for example SCUBA and ROV picture film and still snap ) . While this data can converse with the more clear adjustments in home ground and recuperation, without more infaunal examining ( for example testing silt nucleuss for the nearness of adolescent pelecypods, polychetes, and other record species ) , choices drawn on the genuine area of recuperation are constrained. Get bringing down to focus more endeavor on estimating the infaunal network at a recorded log poo site may work to better our anxiety of recuperation lastly result better way methodology.

How reliable are the narrators in the novella Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and the fiction novel Great Expectations of Charles Dickens Essay

A solid storyteller is one who is truthful, reliable, and capable in relating the story. By and large, there are two sorts of storytellers. The main individual storyteller centers inside and out around just one character, which could be their character, and the effect of different characters on this sole character. Third individual storytellers give an extensive image of the various characters and the circumstances unfurling in the story. While outsider storytellers get more noteworthy respect for dependability because of omniscience, a first or third individual storyteller could be solid or inconsistent relying upon the character of the storyteller and the aim of the novel. The tale Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad is a casing portrayal, which implies the story exists in a story. To accomplish this end, there are two storytellers. The principal storyteller is obscure and gives a presentation of the character of the subsequent storyteller, Charlie Marlow. The portrayal depicts Marlow as having profound set cheeks and yellowish composition however straight-supported showing he isn't intensely fabricated yet not delicate either. The obscure storyteller, by speaking to the perspectives on the others on board the boat in depicting Marlow as non-customary or atypical in view of his propensity to weave stories and describe stories contemplatively, communicates the unwavering quality of his appraisal of Marlow. This places into question the truthful way of Marlow’s portrayal. In Marlow’s records of his outing along the Congo River to bring Kurtz, an ivory broker caught in an African town, the center is a greater amount of his translation of individuals and occasions absent a lot of describe of who these individuals are and the setting of the circumstance. Marlow is unmistakably against expansionism however don't relate in detail the circumstance in Africa that makes imperialism ghastly to him and what are the arrangements. The dependability of Marlow as a storyteller isn't obvious. Marlow is an average individual however his activities don't generally mirror his perspectives. He is against the exploitative idea of the frontier adventurers in Africa and feels troubled by the circumstance yet his character is complicit about the circumstance. He has restricted cooperation with the locals and doesn't communicate their perspectives. Marlow is an equipped storyteller yet just for himself. His records don't mirror the encounters and viewpoints of the others he discusses, for example, the locals of the networks he visited or the frontier networks in Africa. In Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, the storyteller is Pip, who is additionally the principle character of the novel. Pip’s story is authentic on the grounds that he educates not just concerning his great side, for example, helping individuals and turning into a respectable man yet in addition of his terrible side, for example, his mixed up impression about Magwich and his shame of Joe’s uneducated ways. Pip is a hero in the novel, a stranded however generous kid, who albeit alarmed to take nourishment for a hoodlum, causing him blame, and albeit respecting the underlying class-based biases created by society, wound up making things right. The idea of the character of Pip as dependable and reasonable makes his records solid. Pip is an observer storyteller. The epic is a semi-anecdotal work, which implies that Pip is recounting to his biography as indicated by his own encounters and viewpoints. This discovers articulation in a portion of the section titles, for example, ‘The Convict Frightens Me’, ‘I Execute My trust’, and ‘My State of Mind’. Pip is likewise the principle character. This implies he is skilled to portray his story and the narrative of the individuals around him whom he saw. This makes his records dependable due to initially hand understanding and view. Albeit a first individual storyteller, the dependable character of Pip makes him his very own solid narrator life and the life of the individuals around him. Heart of Darkness and Great Expectations incorporate first individual storytellers. Despite the fact that, there is general reservation towards the unwavering quality of first individual storytellers, the dependability of these storytellers additionally rely upon character, plot and expectation of the story. In light of the models of a dependable storyteller, the storyteller in Great Expectations is progressively solid in view of his accurate record and reliable character while the storyteller in Heart of Darkness isn't exceptionally real or reliable. The third individual storyteller in Heart of Darkness authenticates the atypical character of the primary individual storyteller.

Bye Bye Boomers Who Will Fill your Workforce Gap

Bye Bye Boomers Who Will Fill your Workforce Gap Were you born between 1946 and 1964? If so, then you’re the subject of much discussion.It’s becoming clear that your generation is about to leave a huge gap in the workforce due to the ongoing retirements.Baby boomers is the name of your generation. The name comes from the “boom” in child birth right after the end of the World War II. With an improving economy, many children were born in the period between 1946 and 1964.As of 2019, the oldest boomer is 73 years old with the youngest being 55. Some have already retired while others are on their way to retirement.According to a studies, approximately 10,000 baby boomers are turning 65 every day. This is a big number and many vacancies are being created on a daily basis as they retire.There are several concerns arising from this situation. But for businesses, the major one is in regards to filling those vacancies.Looking at the current workforce in general, the gap being left behind is not an easy one to fill.A DEEPER LOOK AT TH E BOOMERS’ RETIREMENT SITUATIONSome companies allow employees to work past their retirement age for various reasons. One of those reasons is discussed below as part of the solution to this situation.It happens that as employers become more anxious about the future of their companies, those retiring are also anxious. You would expect this generation to be eager to stop working after so many years, butthat is not the case.There are at least three reasons:Lack of enough savings â€" baby boomers, at least a majority of them, do not have enough savings. They either didn’t save enough, or they started saving late. As a result of this, they heavily rely on social security.Obviously, this is not enough and that is why they’re working to supplement that income with a salary.Source: Voya FinancialPending debts â€" many in this generation are still struggling with debt in their old age. Much of this debt is mortgage. To keep their homes, they have to pay up. Since social security alone c annot sustain the payments plus other expenses, working ends up being the only solution.High costs of healthcare â€" healthcare costs have been a big challenge for baby boomers. Although they planned for it, they largely underestimated the costs involved.Many assumed that Medicare will handle everything. It then becomes a shock to later learn that Medicare doesn’t handle long-term care and other expected aspects of medical care. What do they do? The easiest thing to do is continue working.Continued working may be viewed by others as being unfair and being unwilling to make room for younger employees.But the truth is that employers are also afraid of letting boomers go.HOW THE BABY BOOMER RETIREMENT IS AFFECTING ORGANIZATIONSIf an employer is part of the majority who aren’t sure how to fill the impending gap, then he is worried.As a boomer, for all the years you’ve worked in the company, you have gained a lot of experience. This experience and expertise is what will be lacking after you leave. Apart from the skills you possess, there are other great character traits you have which have benefited the company.These are largely connected to the uniqueness of your generation. These center on work ethic, a sense of responsibility, self-discipline and mental focus. These are some of the identifiers of a baby boomer.These qualities have dominated the top positions in many companies as well as other important positions. The absence of these attributes without a fitting replacement spells danger.Here are some ways in which the impact is being felt.Loss of an Extremely-Dedicated WorkforceAs a baby boomer, you’ve been working for a long time. Apart from the number of years, your generation is also known to willingly work long hours. This is because it believes in working hard.This trait is part of the definition of your work ethic. You stand out as employees who will go the extra mile to ensure the work gets done well and on time.You’re also credited with the ab ility to work well under pressure. This is a desirable trait in many companiesâ€"whether a product or service-based company. As you’ll see below in the section about possible successor generations, not everyone shares this trait.Loss of Loyal EmployeesWhereas millennials are known to be job hoppers, boomers are known to be loyal employees. You are likely to have worked in a maximum of two different companies.Instead of seeking growth through working for several employers, you have grown through promotions in the same company. With your characteristic loyalty, your employer definitely likes you.So, what does your departure mean to him?He will have to embrace different types of employees. Though this is not a bad thing, the problem is that change is not always welcome. Change is disruptive and disruption pushes you out of your comfort zone.Being out of your comfort zone is often seen as a dangerous thing since you have no control.Loss of Experienced EmployeesYour long tenure at the same company and hard work gave you another badge: that of great experience.This is one of the biggest losses your employer is staring at. It’s unfortunate that not enough skills have been transferred from your generation to the others. This has a big impact.The tasks which need some form of hands-on specialization will soon be challenging to complete.It’s going to be a situation of going back to the drawing board. And considering that other generations are not as patient to learn as you are, it’s definitely going to be an uphill task.Change in Workplace CultureEvery generation has its own way of working. An office full of baby boomers has a different atmosphere compared to one full of millennials.Traditionally, younger employees have had to adapt to the work environment dominated by older staff. It seems that now the tables are turning. Not against the older generation but against what has been long labeled as the norm.If you remain in the workplace, you’ll be experiencing some nostalgia.You’ll be wishing the good old days were here with you. You might even be telling those stories to your younger colleagues.Hoping they don’t find those days weird, organizations will have to make changes. And as an employee, you’re going to need to adapt.A beautiful thing about changing workplace culture is that anyone can drive the change. It doesn’t have to be started by the top management even though they’ll need to be deeply involved.That means that an employee who sees the dangers of the workplace culture not changing can start the conversation. And if he does it well enough, promotions are always available.Watch the below video for tips on this. WHICH INDUSTRY IS MOST AFFECTED?There is one industry that stands to feel the biggest impact in this departure.That is the manufacturing industry. This is arguably one of the biggest industries still employing many boomers.Manufacturing has for long been known as a mechanical and manual job.And considering that current job seekers are not very excited about that kind of job, there is a big problem on the horizon.Just how do you get someone who has grown up playing with tablets and smartphones to work using metals and plastic? And if there are absolutely no other job opportunities and this is picked, how much enthusiasm will there be in the job?Manufacturers are facing a trying time.Another problem is the perception of many about factories being dirty and noisy places.Who really wants that?But as you may know since you’ve worked there, manufacturers have also embraced technology.You don’t even need to go far to see this. In any case, hasn’t there been a debate about how machines will take over jobs?These machines are however there to help make the work easierâ€"maybe even more fun. At the end of the day, it may be just an issue of the mindset one has.All the same, mindset or not, manufacturers know too well the challenges lying ahead.FILLING THE GAPIt’s already happening and no amo unt of continued work into the golden years will stop boomers from leaving the workplace.The challenges at hand are many and business owners and managers know that solutions are needed.So, what’s to be done?There are only two generations which can fill the gap left behind by baby boomers. These are the generations X and Y.As much as generation Z already exists and some of them are already in the workplace, those cannot really fill the gap.First of all, they’re still very young and compared to generation Y, there are differences which make their adaptation even more difficult. Any employer seeking to use them to replace the boomers will face a more difficult task.The gap and differences in character traits are simply too big. That will require a very big change in a very short time. For that reason, we will only look at the candidacy of generations X and Y.Generation XThis generation is also known as Gen Xers.This is the generation that has received very little attention. All ove r the internet, you will find news and articles about baby boomers and millennials but very little about this generation.Born between 1965 and 1980, the oldest is currently 54 years old while the youngest is 39 years old. The older ones may have some characteristics similar to those of the boomers since they were born almost at the same time.This generation is however quite different in some ways.Here are some of their characteristics:work-life balance â€" this generation is the one that is championing the push for a better work-life balance. Most of them have families and need time to spend at home. They want to be part of their children’s lives and for the married ones, they want to spend time with their spouses.Because of this push, some employers have started developing policies to allow for it. There are now work-from-home options with some even allowing shorter work hours during the weekdays.Adaptive to technology â€" although they were not born when tablets and smartphones were common, at least the internet was coming of age. This means that they grew up knowing what the internet was as well as having access to a mobile device.This has helped them adapt to technology. As much as they may not be the first to embrace new technology, they easily adapt and make use of it where necessary.Loyalty â€" Generation X has some level of loyalty to their employers. Although it is not to the level of boomers, they are certainly more loyal than millennials. This is one reason we believe they are the best fit for some of the positions being left vacant by retiring boomers.Loyalty has many benefits to the organization. One benefit is that loyalty breeds flexibility.That means that this generation can make some personal changes so as to take up roles they weren’t really looking for.The organizations will however need to create conducive environments.Rewards, higher salaries and overall motivations will also need to be put in place to make them more willing to make th e changes required. Training will also be necessary for some positions.Self-reliance â€" this is another trait shared with the boomers. This generation grew up taking responsibilities thus developing this trait of putting in the required effort. Although they appreciate teamwork, they are also able to make sacrifices to finish what needs to be finished.Skeptical and suspicious â€" gen X employees have a characteristic skepticism and will not always be quick to embrace new ideas. This is especially when the change is a big one. In fact, most of the people skeptical of automation are the Gen Xers.Organizations seeking to raise this generation to fill the boomer vacancies need to introduce change gradually. They should communicate it well in advance and even collect opinions before implementing new measures.Generation Y (Millennials)Now to the most popular generationâ€"the millennials. These are the people born between 1981 and 1995.Millennials have been discussed all over the media an d the comments made have not been very positive. You may have heard of them being described as lazy, disloyal, feeling entitled, arrogant etc.As much as such conclusions are usually based on observations, the truth is that these conclusions are not very balanced. Labeling a whole generation as lazy only means that you haven’t really understood it.To fully understand a generationâ€"and this is the reason they are categorized by birth yearsâ€"you have to look at what defined their upbringing.The people labeling millennials often wonder why they aren’t fitting into the “norm” which is defined by the boomers and Xers. However, the millennials are at the same time wondering why these generations can’t be “normal.”So, whose “normal” should we adapt to?Here are some traits which employers need to keep in mind when dealing with millennials.They expect transparency â€" in contrast to the Gen Xers who are skeptic and suspicious, millennials are quite trusting. This opens the m up to potential exploitation. But woe unto you if they discover that you’re not genuine.Once you lose their trust, it’s very difficult to regain it. And being the well-connected generation, the news will spread faster than you can say sorry. This is one of the reasons online reviews are powerful and well guarded by brands.In dealing with millennials, do your best to keep your word. When drafting agreements, minimize the number of terms and conditions and use simple and clear language. Do not tell them one ting then later claim something else. Just be open.Information availability â€" the digital age has made information available and that is what millennials are used to. Companies used to keeping information only available to top management will have a hard time coping with this generation.Millennials want to have information available so they can look at it and make the decisions which suit them. To them, failing to provide information means you are trying to hide something.O bviously, not all information can be made available. But whatever helps employees make more informed decisions should be availed. It will even be better if the information is provided before it’s requested for.Multi-taskers â€" whereas they may be seen as those with very little concentration power, millennials see themselves as multi-taskers. And indeed they are.Multitasking happens at all levels. From work to social. It’s not difficult to see one speaking with a friend while chatting with another on the phone. For millennials, this is a productivity hack and it works well for them.They even wonder why others aren’t adopting it.Check out this video of a millennial teenager multitasking. He’s doing his homework, playing therapist, ordering pizza while also solving computer problems. His baby boomer mother, aware only of the homework, wonders why the millennial isn’t going to the library. Quickly and easily embrace change â€" navigating change is not a problem at all for mil lennials. This is largely due to their social nature. They often get to know about new trends from their friends and in order to stay connected, will quickly embrace the new.Since technology is the driving force behind much change, it has also contributed to their ability to quickly adapt. New technology is increasingly being designed to be easy to use. This enables millennials quickly adopt the new.In any ever-changing environment, millennials are the best fit. You will find them in the technology industry due to this trait.Seek inclusion and diversity â€" since they are very connected, millennials have interacted with many people even from different parts of the world. They also happily embrace diversity and expect the same from the companies they work for.Since their friends embrace them, they expect to be embraced even when donning clothes and hair styles others deem unfit for the office. For them, it’s a show of freedom and they expect to be allowed to enjoy it.BRIDGING THE G AP BETWEEN THE GENERATIONSThis section will show you how to bridge the gap between the generations. And after reading it, you’ll see that it’s very possible for the different generations to co-exist peacefully.The only requirement is mutual understanding.These generations are very different from the boomers and they’re the ones organizations will have to pick from in filling job vacancies. For that reason, it’s important to learn how to bridge the gap.For organizations already working with these three generations, they have the opportunity to prepare in advance. If your boomers are already retiring, make the best of the remaining time.If you still have some time before they retire, then move with speed and implement the below measures. They will help you manage the situation better and you’ll avoid unnecessary challenges.Change Your Workplace CultureAs already seen, the biggest challenge with multi-generational workplaces is that they don’t understand one another.Failing to understand the story behind the generation brings about confusion and misunderstanding.The best way to deal with this situation is to create an environment conducive for mutual respect.The older staff should hold the view that being young doesn’t mean millennials have nothing to offer. Likewise, millennials should understand that being old doesn’t mean boomers can’t get the job done.Both of these generations, if left to themselves and asked to prove their worth, they will do the required work. The only difference will be the means of achieving their goals.A workplace culture of mutual respect and appreciation should be entrenched in the company policy. The implementation should however not be a legal issue but more of a fun experience.The management can have, as part of the onboarding process, time for describing the background of the workforce.New employees can be told of the benefits of the diverse workforce. They can also be asked what they will do to blend in and sugge st more ways of benefiting from the diversity.Implement Two-Way Mentorship ProgramsMentorship is often seen as the training of a younger person by an older experienced person. This is very okay. But if we consider the part about experience and ignore the age part, we can have a unique take on mentorship.This is referred to as the two-way mentorship program.In the work environment, boomers are the more experienced in terms of the work itself and the industry in general.The millennials, and the Gen Xers to some degree, are experienced in new innovative solutions. If these solutions can be implemented, the organization will enjoy improved efficiency.Since the work, industry as well as technology expertise and experience are required, everyone can learn from the other.As long as the right environment has been created, the younger tech-savvy staff can train the older ones. In doing this, they’ll be helping their older colleagues catch up with new trends and the whole company will move together in unity.At the same time, the older ones can teach their younger colleagues how specific operations are done. While at it, they can also explain why the procedures used are preferred and whether changes can be done.It’s all about having an open mind and willingness to learn.Create Cross-Generational TeamsHaving learned and now appreciating others, the next step is to form teams consisting of staff from different generations.If there is a project to be worked on, it should not just have younger employees simply because they are fast and energetic. It should be inclusive enough to accommodate all age groups as much as possible.If you need the work to be finished fast, this will obviously not happen. But would you rather finish a project quickly or have your employees enjoy the work and learn from one another as they work?If you stick to preferring maximum productivity, it will cost you in the long run. The rushed deadlines will make people only interact when necessary and with limited time.Those who are slow (boomers) will be shunned by those who are fast (millennials). In the end, the experience and knowledge which the boomers have will be missing in the Gen Xers and millennials who remain.The whole idea of having a work environment suitable for genuine and friendly interactions is to facilitate skills transfer. The friendships formed will cause an increase in productivity since teamwork will be improved.Provide Onboarding for Younger LeadersLastly, just as new employees go through an onboarding process, so should the young leaders taking the reins at the various levels. Keep in mind that onboarding is different from orientation.They should be helped to understand why things are done the way they’re done. In case they have any questions or suggestions for changes, they should be listened to. Their ideas should also be considered.This is because people have different leadership styles.Gen Xers will lead differently from millennials. Still, among bo th generations, there will be different perspectives and motivations since people are unique.Young leaders should feel comfortable and know that they have the support of the leaders at the higher levels.CONCLUSIONAlthough it may seem a difficult time for many organizations, it can also be seen as an opportunity to improve.Creating a work culture where all employees are valued despite their age will greatly benefit the company. And with information about the characteristics of the generations likely to fit the vacancies, it’s easier than ever to plan ahead.Use the above tips for bridging the generational gap at work and see your transition process becoming simpler.

Business Level Strategy Procter and Gamble - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2797 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Business level strategy: Procter and gamble (Strategies and recommendations) Executive Summary William Procter and James Gamble founded Procter and Gamble in the year of 1837, and started working as a candle and soap maker. It is a consumer goods manufacturing company whose slogan is improving lives and moving towards betterment with time. Unique Selling Preposition of Procter Gamble is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“our one product is equal to one vaccine towards the betterment of consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Business Level Strategy: Procter and Gamble" essay for you Create order It sells the products in more than 180 countries around the globe. It has also undertaken a number of brands, one of them are Revlon. The product being offered by Procter Gamble are health care, grooming, beauty, home care and fabric, family and baby care, pet care and snacks. Some of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s items earned a profit of $1 billion each year and some around $50 million annually. Procter Gamble is on maturity stage and potential competitors are Unilever, Là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Oreal. It is facing fierce competition by competitors. Since it is one of the most growing companies, it has captured thousands of minds all over the world. It operates in countries like China, Hong Kong, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, India, Indonesia etc. the strategies of Procter Gamble in order to sustain its goodwill and profitability in the market are: availability of its products, concentration on growing opportunities, evolving more products, concentrating on most strong and profitable markets, devoting and dedication towards research and development etc. products being offered by the company are Ariel, Tide, Vicks, Crest Tooth Paste, Gillette products, Head Shoulder shampoo, Olay, Oral-B, Pantene, Always, Bounce, Herbal Essence, Ivory soap, Gain, Whisper, Mr. Clean, Puffs tissues, Safeguard soaps etc. OVERVIEW OF OFFERINGS AND CUSTOMER SEGMENTS OF THE COMPANY PROCTER AND GAMBLE Procter and Gamble is an American based company, known as PG mostly, is one of the largest and leading multinational consumer goods and manufacturing company which operates all over the world (Ranker, 2015) since 1837 till Today and offering jobs to the millions of people from all around the world (PG, 2015). Procter Gamble was founded and named on William Procter and James Gamble. It deals with multiple natures of products such as hair care products, personal care products including cosmetics (Nguyen, 2013), tissues, odor control product s, home care products such as detergent and much more (PG, 2014). Company says à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We are in the business of making life better every day, our each packet is equal to each vaccine towards the betterment and enhancementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (PG, 2014) and it is working firmly on that. Millions and billions of customers uses PGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s products which satisfies their needs and demand they like it to be (PG, 2014). Multiple of brands are associated with this company whose profitability touches more that $1 Billion each year (PG, 2015). Some of those star brands are Ariel, Tide, Vicks, Crest Tooth Paste, Gillette products, Head Shoulder shampoo, Olay, Oral-B, Pantene (PG, 2014), Always, Bounce, Herbal Essence (Forbes, 2014), Ivory soap, Gain, Whisper, Mr. Clean, Puffs tissues, Safeguard soaps which earns net profit of Billions of US Dollars every twelve months (PG, 2014). Procter and Gamble serves more than 180 countries and 6.5 million customers across the globe (PG, 2014). It operates in Asia (Japan, China, Hong Kong, Korea, New Zealand, India, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Singapore, Australia, Pakistan, Turkey, and Bangladesh etc) (PG, 2015), Latin America, North America and Western Europe. It has its head quarters in Singapore for Asian region (Lafley, 2008). Critical discussion And Strategies of Procter and Gamble: One of the most important and say efficient strategy of Procter Gamble is availability of its products (Global-Operations, n.d.). Products manufactured by this company are highly available worldwide and are being offered and sold on convenience stores, super markets, hotels, motels, retailers, wholesalers, drug stores and intermediaries (MIT, 2015). The product availability of the company gives it an edge and makes it far superior that its competitors like Unilevers etc (SlideShare, 2015). Consumers get products easily and effortlessly when they are in need of a vaccine to make their life better (Favaro, 2013). The availability and accessibility of the specific products makes it brand brawny and hefty (PG, 2015). This in turns makes customer loyalty towards the brand much tough and muscular with time and targeted customers start trusting the brand, and same is the case with Procter Gamble (PG, 2015). Supply chain of the brand is as strong as it needs to be in order to result in a successful chain management (Favaro, 2013). Likewise many other competitors of the brand, PG a further strategy is Research and Development (Riley, 2014). Brand devote approximately $2 billion each year on its RD department contains 8000 employees around the world (Ng, 2015). In spite of having 8000 employees in its RD department, company somehow failed to initiate a further brand successfully (Nisen, 2013). Hence, it faced intricacy regarding the department. One of the professors, named Charles Fine suggested the company to have a view on the world as innovation lab (SlideShare, 2012). Subsequ ently they start sourcing innovation through valued supply chain network as they deals the customer on one on one basis because of which they are rich on the drawbacks as well as the complains for products (MODE, 2015). This step resulted in innovation success rate three times than it was before. To take advantage of the advice, PG also launched its own website which motivates and welcomes innovations as well as feedback by the targeted customers, shareholders, stakeholders, partners and general public for further enhancement of the products (Khosla Sawhney, 2014). Another significant strategy being applied by Procter Gamble as an efficient and effective tool is change management (GCI, 2014). The company observes and on the blink of an eye takes action to bring up the change and exploit the opportunity to meet consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectation on the very first place (Neff, 2014). As competition is growing faster and fastest, very next moment involves business bodies i n the shock of sudden and significant change. PG is a brand, who knows splendidly about their vision (Tode, 2014). Company takes change management as its one of the most crucial and unavoidable manner (Lafley, 2014). Nobody cares how much you know, until they know how much you care, said by Theodore Roosevelt (Forbes, 2012). Famous saying that is being followed by PG as it should be as it focuses and devotes more of its attention and care to the products who works as stars in portfolio and because of which entire corporation is enjoying free lunches, such as US market is strongest market being targeted by PG (SlideShare, 2012) and they are continuously treating it as focal point with jam-packed devotion and dedication in order to make it strongest (PG, 2014). Before finishing the strategy, I more point to be mentioned is Procter Gambleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategy is concentrating on improving operations, at least better than competitors (SlideShare, 2013). This is one of the ric h ways to win customers trust and loyalty towards the brand (PG, 2014). When introducing to one more line of attack of Procter Gamble, it is essential to say that to uphold and retain its brand image; it is all about captivating trust and confidence from the targeted segment of market (Pakistan-Business-Journal, 2015). At the end of the day, all the steps, strategies, planning, developing and designing starting from a scratch is followed by a reason of winning trust and loyalty from customers because when nothing else seems to be helpful, this tactic does and it is not a piece of cake to get oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trust. It takes abundant of efforts and plentiful of care, since one slip can destroy the whole. One more strategy being introduced recently by Procter Gamble is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Connect+Developà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In this age of advancement, where the whole of the universe has become a global village, the connection is necessary for any company to float up in the livel y market with its loyal consumers. However, in this social age, in which each and every individual is socializing has made us little more aware about our surroundings and circumstances taking place in this village (PG, 2015). Bruce Brown, Chief Technology Officer said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“this strategy has helped us to deliver a number of successful and leading innovations which has accelerated the growth of Procter Gamble criticallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The company is by hook or by crook managing to uphold this strategy and maintain its prospering innovation rate. Laura Becker, General Manager said that they wanted develop and connect themselves in order to deliver products that has a greater level of innovation such as Swiffer Dusters which has broken down the innovations for market place manipulation. Moreover, she also stated that a category of products will be made that changes marketplace, and attracts customers which claim that they require the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s product s as they fulfill their requirement as per their wishes (PG, 2012). RECOMMENDATIONS In order to maintain its position in the market, Procter Gamble should keep an eye on its most profitable brands and products to even polish them so that not any competitor would have been able to eradicate the demand of leading products. For example, Swiffer Dusters-a product introduced by PG which changed the direction of market trend so seriously. As market conditions and market trends are changing so drastically these days, Procter Gamble should have a close look than its competitors to innovate and exploit opportunity from the changing trends of market. If brand to be a brand get successful innovations, it could have touch top position in the markets as well as in the sights of consumers, investors, shareholders, stockholders and regulating bodies. Creating a recommendation culture could aid to Procter Gamble for being more victorious and unbeaten company in the market. Motivating and encouraging culture could be proved as back bone behind the success of the brand. Managing change as soon as possible could also be proved as a strong tool behind the success. Since incorporating change in this unpredictable competing environment cold give support to the accomplishment of goals, reaching to the vision and creating win-win situation at the end of both, consumers and company. Better growth opportunities to the employees will in return adds to employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sincerity and dedication towards work. Employees, who are the core bodies of any organization, will work dedicatedly and devotedly for their organizations, this will result in better quality works and services to the organization. Quality assurance and image building could also prove to be helpful to capture the minds of targeted consumers. CONCLUSION Procter Gamble was founded by William Procter and James Gamble. It deals with multiple products such as hair care products, personal care products including cosmetics. Millions and billions of customers uses PGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s products which satisfy their needs and demand. Procter and Gamble serves more than 180 countries and 6.5 million customers across the globe. One of the most important and efficient strategy of Procter Gamble was found to be its itemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s availability. Consumers get products easily and effortlessly when they are in need of a vaccine. The availability and accessibility of the specific products makes it brand brawny and hefty. This in turns makes customer loyalty towards the brand much tough and muscular with time and targeted customers start trusting the brand, and same is the case with Procter Gamble. Supply chain of the brand is as strong as it needs to be in order to result in a successful chain management. The company obser ves and takes action to bring up change and exploit the opportunity to meet consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectation at instant. Company takes change management as its one of the most crucial and unavoidable manner. Bibliography Favaro, K., 2013. Does PG Need Product Innovation or Strategic Innovation?. [Online] Available at: https://www.strategy-business.com/blog/Does-PG-Need-Product-Innovation-or-Strategic-Innovation?gko=b27ca [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Favaro, K., 2013. Does PG Need Product Innovation or Strategic Innovation?. [Online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/boozandcompany/2013/07/12/does-pg-need-product-innovation-or-strategic-innovation/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Forbes, 2012. The Perfect Marketing Strategy for Soap, Soda, and Startups. [Online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianclark/2012/04/24/entreproducer/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Forbes, 2014. Procter Gamble. [Online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com /companies/procter-gamble/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. GCI, 2014. The Strategy Behind PGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Divestments. [Online] Available at: https://www.gcimagazine.com/business/marketers/positioning/The-Strategy-Behind-PGs-Divestments-270370711.html [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Global-Operations, n.d.. Where We Operate. [Online] Available at: https://www.pg.com/en_US/downloads/media/Fact_Sheets_Operate.pdf [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Khosla, S. Sawhney, M., 2014. The wisdom of less: How Procter Gamble can grow by shrinking. [Online] Available at: https://fortune.com/2014/08/07/why-pg-can-grow-by-shrinking/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Lafley, A., 2008. PGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Innovation Culture. Innovation, Volume 52, pp. 1-8. Lafley, A., 2014. The wisdom of less: How Procter Gamble can grow by shrinking. [Online] Available at: https://fortune.com/2014/08/07/why-pg-can-grow-by-shrinking/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. MIT, 2015. Bringing process in novation and creativity into operations. [Online] Available at: https://executive.mit.edu/blog/bringing-process-innovation-and-creativity-into-operations#.VNxMLfmUeI9 [Accessed 12 February 2015]. MODE, 2015. Care Quotes. [Online] Available at: https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/care  [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Neff, J., 2014. As PG Looks to Cut More Than Half Its Brands, Which Should Go?. [Online] Available at: https://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/p-g-s-big-questions/294443/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Ng, A., 2015. PG: Company Strategies and Challenges. [Online] Available at: https://www.academia.edu/5826081/P_and_G_Company_Strategies_and_Challenges [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Nguyen, L., 2013. Copy of PG STRATEGIC ANALYSIS. [Online] Available at: https://prezi.com/r79dnp1uyg_d/copy-of-pg-strategic-analysis/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Nisen, M., 2013. PGs Ex-CEO Used A 5-Step Formula To Make Billion Dollar Decisions. [Online] Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/the-5-step-strategy-prcoess-2013-2 [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2012. PG Names New C+D Leader, Aims Acceleration of Open Innovation Work. [Online] Available at: https://news.pg.com/press-release/pg-corporate-announcements/pg-names-new-cd-leader-aims-acceleration-open-innovation-wo [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2014. Committed to responsible operations. [Online] Available at: https://www.pg.com/en_US/sustainability/policies_practices/index.shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2014. Committed to responsible operations. [Online] Available at: https://www.pg.com/en_US/sustainability/policies_practices/index.shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2014. Leadership Brands. [Online] Available at: https://www.pg.com/en_US/brands/index.shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2014. PG EVERYDAY. [Online] Available at: https://us.pg.com/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2014. PG Sets Four New Sustainability Goals: Revises Existing Goals. [Online] Available at: https://www.pg.com/en_US/sustainability/index.shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2014. PG Story of Innovation. [Online] Available at: https://www.pg.com/en_US/company/heritage.shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2014. Strength in Structure. [Online] Available at: https://www.pg.com/en_US/company/global_structure_operations/corporate_structure. shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2014. The Power of Purpose. [Online] Available at: https://www.pg.com/en_US/company/purpose_people/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2015. Always #LikeAGirl Sparks Social Movement During Super Bowl XLIX and Beyond. [Online] Available at: https://news.pg.com/blog/likeagirl/SB49 [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2015. Company Strategy. [Online] Available at: https://www.pginvestor.com/GenPage.aspx?IID=4004124GKP=208821 [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2015. Company Strategy. [Online] Available at: https://www.pginvestor.com/ GenPage.aspx?IID=4004124GKP=208821 [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2015. PG Moments. [Online] Available at: https://www.pg.com/en_balkans/company/heritage.shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2015. PG Views: Company Strategy. [Online] Available at: https://news.pg.com/pg_views_company_strategy [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2015. The Power of Purpose. [Online] Available at: https://www.pg.com/en_balkans/company/purpose_people/index.shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Pakistan-Business-Journal, 2015. Procter Gamble Pakistan (pvt) Ltd.. [Online] Available at: https://www.pakistanbusinessjournal.com/b2b-directory/procter-gamble-pakistan-pvt-ltd_28081.html [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Ranker, 2015. All Procter Gamble Brands. [Online] Available at: https://www.ranker.com/list/all-procter-and-gamble-brands/werner-brandes [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Riley, J., 2014. Marketing Strategy PG Takes the Axe to its Brand Portfolio. [Online] Available at : https://beta.tutor2u.net/business/blog/marketing-strategy-pg-takes-the-axe-to-its-brand-portfolio [Accessed 12 February 2015]. SlideShare, 2012. pg marketing strategies. [Online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/ritulakhotia/pg-marketing-strategies [Accessed 12 February 2015]. SlideShare, 2012. Procter Gamble Strategic Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/perdoch/pg-strategic-analysis [Accessed 12 February 2015]. SlideShare, 2013. PG. [Online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/deeparosejacob/pg- 29329959 [Accessed 12 February 2015]. SlideShare, 2015. Procter Gamble Strategic Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/perdoch/pg-strategic-analysis [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Tode, C., 2014. How PGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mobile social strategy helps build its brands. [Online] Available at: https://www.mobilemarketer.com/cms/news/social-networks/17242.html [Accessed 12 February 2015].

Francais Cassavant in Heroes and Other Characters - 786 Words

‘Heroes’ is a novel which is full of tension and suspense. It is also a novel which has important things to say about the pressures that young people have to deal with as part and parcel of growing up. In ‘Heroes’ we see the world through the eyes of Francis Cassavant, who having earned a silver star in battle returns home in hiding, living a frugal and lonely life, waiting only for the opportunity to kill his childhood mentor and hero Larry Lasalle. As readers we are confused and intrigued and need to understand the reasons for his injuries and also to understand why he is hell bent on revenge. The structure of the novel ensures that although questions are answered, they simply lead to further questions until the climax of the novel, when†¦show more content†¦And we also learn that Larry cannot understand why this is wrong ‘Does that one sin of mine wipe away all the good things?’ Larry asks, and as readers we finally understand how re pulsive Larry really is. Cormier seems to underline this by describing the sound of the bullet with which Larry kills himself being ‘like a ping – pong ball striking the table.’ This simile transports us back to the table tennis match that Larry let Francis win. It underlines one of the key themes in the novel; the distance between appearance and reality. Overall, by using techniques such as flashbacks, gradual revelation and foreshadowing Cormier is able to create tension and suspense. Whilst this is entertaining and gripping it also leads us to towards understanding of the ways in which we learn the key lessons in

A Whole New Beginning Free Essays

The entrance to the school gate was bursting with pupils, teachers and parents, creaking with the strain of opening and shutting as wave after wave of people came through it. The temperature was 5 degrees Celsius and the grass was still wet and appeared bedraggled from the rain that had fallen last night. The air was so cold that even when you breathed your breath was hot enough to create puffs of steam, and after stepping out of your house because of the cold your face feels like it is freezing up and it starts to get numb. We will write a custom essay sample on A Whole New Beginning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though it was this cold there were still groups of people standing outside the gates of a high school. There were groups of children scattered around everywhere, some were new pupils and some were old but they were all in different groups; there were the athletes talking non-stop about the latest football match, the nerds all huddled up talking about if they had done all of their homework over the holidays and comparing answers. The grungers just standing silently listening to their music that would probably want to make any normal person want to kill themselves; the Asian minority groups standing around talking about things that no one can understand because it is being spoken in there native tongue. Some of the older girls were wearing the latest fashion and had put on tons of makeup, and the boys were trying to impress them with their aftershave, and sleek haircuts and a swagger in their walk which they thought made them look cool. Looking around one could see the Year Nines looking excited at being in their second year of high school; they were no longer the new kids and they can now look down on the Year Eights. However, they also appeared apprehensive as they would be choosing their GCSEs for next year. You could also see the year tens pretending to mature even though it is a cover for their feelings of worry because they must start their GCSEs this year, and they know that if they fail then they will have failed life. On the opposite side there were the new pupils, some talking with their friends from their old school about what they did in the holidays and others just hanging about walking back and forth like wound up toys, looking nervous and wondering what their first day of high school would be like, with the few who were hanging about with their parents, hoping that they would not get embarrassed and wanting their parents to leave. In the middle of this all there was a small group of teachers talking amongst them selves and the older teachers welcoming the newer ones into the school. There were some of the new teachers looking around at all of the children trying to figure out which ones were the polite students and which one were the dreadful students(the ones that were any teachers worst nightmares). Suddenly, the school bell rings with a deafening volume and all you can see is all of the children and parents staring as the teachers are first to enter the school. Shortly after the teachers entered the building all of the newer students rush towards the gate hoping to get to their classroom in time so that they are not late. All of the upper school pupils are still standing there and talking, like the school bell has not affected them because they know that there is no point in rushing to get to class because every one will make it; unlike normal school in this school it isn’t the students that are late it is the teachers. How to cite A Whole New Beginning, Papers

Music Programs Should Be Kept free essay sample

Music is every. Where in our life. Its an important part of our culture. So why are music programs being cut from school? Music education may seem unimportant, but that is far from the truth. Music is important because the music taught in schools whether they are classical or fairly recent, help in learning as well! Music affects the brain to somehow learn faster and more efficiently. This has actually been done by physicist DRP. Harvey Bird from Fairfield Dickinson University and neurologist DRP. Aggressive Checkerberry room Georgian Court College in Lakewood.They used mice and a maze. They would have three sets of mice. One had to listen to voodoo music, the second had to listen to classical music, and the last did not have to listen to any music. Extraordinarily, the mice that had listened to the classical music were the fastest to solve the maze. This actually proves that music is important for problem solving, and memorizing. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Programs Should Be Kept or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All essential in schools, that can be gained from music programs. However the schools are getting rid of most or all of the music programs that dents could gain so much from.Music programs arent only good for education as well. They help students express themselves ,as I have stated before. Expressing yourself helps in making yourself calm and stress free. This is extremely important to your mind as well. This will help you drain your stress from anything that happened to you. And just express all those emotions into music. Therefore, music programs should not be taken away for they have plenty to offer to students that not only benefit their progress in school, but also in their mind and emotions.

Essay on Wartime Decision

Essay on Wartime Decision Essay on Wartime Decision Essay on Wartime DecisionAs the president of a country that is engaged in a war with another country, I am responsible for my citizens, but I should act ethically in relation to the citizens of other countries as well. I know that the country has a weapons factory from which it produces bombs and ammunitions that it is using to fight my country. The factory is located in a populated area. As the president I have to decide on a course of action, whether to bomb the weapons factory or not. According to military ethicists, â€Å"the pressures and high stakes in war, the moral legal tensions, and resulting conflicts, and the well-trained, but fallible, human beings making the decisions are inescapable sources of moral error† (Roblyer, 2014, p. 34). The choices that confront me and the consequences of each choice involve certain moral or ethical questions.One of the choices that confront me as the president is to bomb the weapons factory, even if it is located in a densely populate d area. In this case, the bombs targeted the weapons factory could kill civilians living or working nearby. I realize that this choice is unethical in relation to these civilians because the bombs could miss their military target, landing on the territory with dense civilian populations. However, it would be a correct choice to stop aggression against my country and my people. I would be able to destroy the weapons factory and my enemies would lack enough weapons to succeed in military operations. In this case, I could even win the war. Nevertheless, I should act ethically because the consequences of my choice could lead to immorality in military decision making. According to researchers, there are the so-called â€Å"neutralizers† that can effectively operate in any â€Å"wartime decision environment† (Roblyer, 2014, p. 32). These neutralizers make any successful decision morally justifiable. The application of ethics to military decision making is part of internation al law ethics (Johnson, 1999).   It is necessary to assess the actual effects of weapons used.Another choice that confronts me as the president is to avoid bombing the weapons factory. This military decision could be regarded as ethical. In this case, the civilians living or working nearby would not suffer. Opposing the use of the bombs on the densely populated areas, I should find another solution to stop the production of weapons. I would be focused on the use of some other strategies aimed at destroying the specific target, the weapons factory. This fact means I would not use the weapon for destroying a large area, but I would plan an operation locally. For example, skilled sabotage demolitionists could do it, avoiding numerous victims among civilians. Undoubtedly, in this case, there would be no serious damage caused to innocent civilians.Thus, it is necessary to conclude that military decisions should be aimed at avoiding striking a target in populated areas, placing innocent people at risk. As the president of my country, I should minimize harm caused to innocent civilians, even if they are the citizens of other countries. Military targets are not worth the lives of civilians. As the president of a country that is engaged in a war with another country, I should follow â€Å"morality of war† based on the legal standards and norms of international law of war.

Legs Akimbo

Legs Akimbo Legs Akimbo Legs Akimbo By Simon Kewin Legs akimbo is a phrase used so much it has become a clichà ©, and clichà ©s are obviously something to be avoided if you want to create interesting, vivid writing. But you should also be aware that legs akimbo is logically meaningless. According to the OED, akimbo means : with hands on the hips and elbows turned outwards (origin, probably from Old Norse). It might just be possible to achieve such a stance in a Science Fiction story (if an alien had arms protruding from its legs), but otherwise, you simply cant stand legs akimbo. Of course, as with many questions of grammar, it could be argued that it doesnt matter that words are being used incorrectly, so long as the reader understands what the writer meant. Its a long-running debate. Language is constantly evolving and new meanings are always emerging. But writers need to be aware of the technically correct usage of words because they need to write in different voices. If, say, they are writing a piece of colloquial dialogue, legs akimbo might well be fine, if thats the sort of thing the character might say. If, however, they were writing in an authoritative, narrative voice, or penning a query letter to a publisher, then the phrase should clearly not be used. Quite how you could get the phrase legs akimbo into a query letter to a publisher, meanwhile, is another matter Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly Words50 Latin Phrases You Should KnowParticular vs. Specific

Rationalism and Empiricism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rationalism and Empiricism - Essay Example Empiricism after Hume’s philosophy, however, requires an a posteriori knowledge apart from analytical endeavor for such theory posits that matters of fact in the world may only be ascertained by perceiving through the senses. In the light of an empirical attempt for one to obtain certainty with truths that may be contingent, Hume necessitates engagement with observations wherein an observer becomes capable of designating philosophical connections with contiguity and identity of objects [2]. _____________________ 1. â€Å"Rationalism – Rene Descartes.† 2012. Web. http://science.jrank.org/pages/10983/Rationalism-Ren-Descartes.html. 2. Harrison-Barbet, Anthony. â€Å"Philosophical Connections: Hume (1711-76).† 2011. Web. http://www.philosophos.com/philosophical_connections/profile_068.html. A rationalist like Descartes proposes that the knowledge we may acquire is derived from the ideas that are intrinsic by nature. As such, the mathematical knowledge that th e sum of all three angles in any triangle is always equal to 180 degrees is an innate conception that is part of a universal set of absolute truths the discovery of which is made by reasoning. It is believed under the argument of Descartes that since genuine knowledge is inborn, God has created the natural laws for this knowledge to constitute our mental faculties inherently. The rationalist thereby goes on to state – â€Å"there is no single one we cannot understand if our mind proceeds to consider it† for the things conceived already exist as they are and are brought to cognition only to reveal their proofs yet to be unfolded in the absence of regard for senses [3]. On the contrary, nevertheless, an empiricist like Hume maintains that beliefs regarding matters of fact, hence, determine genuine progress for explicating that no self-evident relation exists when ideas bear apparent distinctions and separability within their number. For Hume, we possess no knowledge of s uch factual matters since connections in beliefs presupposed by cause and effect can only be yielded at after experiencing cases with similar characteristics that not even inferential validity of previous encounters would do alone to make adequate explications of these same beliefs [4]. What –ism seems to be stronger   in your mind and why? What are the arguments for and against Rationalism and Empiricism? Descartes is suspicious of the senses because for him, in order to fathom a significant truth, one must doubt all perceived knowledge. Since preconceptions are normally acquired by _________________ 3. â€Å"Descartes – The Rationalist.† 2012. Web. http://www.creatorix.com.au/philosophy/11/11f09.html. 4. Kemerling, Garth. â€Å"Hume: Empiricist Naturalism.† 12 Nov 2011. Web. http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/a5.htm#a-pr. the senses then these senses should be subject to scepticism as well. Once the intellect has been purged of its old content with the attached senses by the method of doubt, only then can scepticism be defeated on its own ground in the process of rebuilding knowledge upon pure cognition that enables a rational person to yield to clarity and distinction of ideas. On the other hand, Hume suspects reasoning on the

Addiction and Native Americans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Addiction and Native Americans - Research Paper Example Reports by the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 2001 to 2005 indicate that 11.7% of Native American and Alaska Natives are alcohol-related; in the general population, only about 3.3% is credited to alcohol deaths (Associated Press, 2008). Deaths among Native Americans were mostly due to traffic accidents, alcoholic liver disease, homicide, suicide, injuries, and falls. Alcohol-abuse is also a risk factor in some of the common illnesses found among Native Americans and Alaska Natives like tuberculosis, pneumonia, and colon cancer (Associated Press, 2008). A great percentage (66%) of alcohol-abusers among the native population was below 50 years of age. Drug use and abuse is also increasing in the Native American population with methamphetamine, marijuana, and cocaine use rapidly increasing in the past several years. The Public Broadcasting Service (as cited by Tarzana Treatment Centers, 2009) revealed that Native Americans are five times more likely (as compared to whites) to die from alcohol-related causes with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis being among the top six leading causes of death among Native Americans. These diseases do not even belong to the top 10 causes of deaths among the whites (Tarzana Treatment Centers, 2009). This study released by the Associated Press points out the importance of culturally appropriate interventions for alcoholism and alcohol-related health problems among the Native American population. These statistical figures paint a grim picture on alcohol and drug use and abuse and the related problems that come with such abuse. They also present challenges for the health care professionals and government officials in addressing this problem. Alcohol and drug abuse among the Native Americans has to be understood and studied in their historical context. Their history has been riddled with violence, poverty, discrimination, and abuse from the dominant White population in America. As a result,

The Criticisms On Agency Theory And Its Application Finance Essay

The Criticisms On Agency Theory And Its Application Finance Essay Introduction Issues on corporate governance, business ethics, decision making and risk-taking are the normal issues being faced by all types of corporations, both old and new. One of the main assumptions why such issues are often encountered by majority of companies and institutions can be attributed to the conflict of interests and the misalignment of corporate goals among those in the managerial position and the common shareholders. According to Moldoveanu, M Martin, R. (2001), in many cases, the application of right managerial decisions, which are considered the lifeblood of any organization, are not being practiced and applied therefore causing inefficiencies on the part of the company and its people. There is always a separation in terms of control and ownership in all corporations. However, this separation is what almost always causes conflict and is most often the root cause of all other problems and issues in the organization. Ideally, the design or framework of a corporation is well-defined in a way that control and ownership of the companys assets are clearly identified and distinguished among the people within the organization. In a usual company setting, control over a corporations assets is delegated to the people assigned in the managerial posts while the ownership of company assets is being handed over to the companys shareholders. Therefore, both the managers and shareholders within the organization are responsible and accountable for each of their deliverables and assigned functions (Moldoveanu, M Martin, R., 2001). Given that both the shareholders and managers perform very specific and highly-critical functions in an organization, it is but natural for the two to develop a specific kind of relationship. The development of this kind of relationship is indeed critical for the success of the corporation. Nevertheless, out of this manager-shareholder relationship also stems the many issues and problems which often result or cause negative impact on the corporations assets. This special kind of relationship that exists between the shareholders and the managers is called an agency relationship. In a typical corporate set-up, managers are given the right to control and manage the assets of the company which are owned by the shareholders. The function of the managers is therefore highly significant as their decisions and moves may potentially cause a positive or a negative impact on the company and its total assets (Economy Professor, 2004). However, failures on the part of the managers are quite common given the structure and framework of most corporations which interfere with the proper decision making and task-delegations of most people on the managerial posts. According to Moldoveanu, M Martin, R. (2001), two of the most common failures of professional managers nowadays are a.) failures due to honest miscalculations and errors which are beyond the managers control and b.) failures related to a managers integrity and selfish motives. These kinds of managerial control failures are what cause extreme damage on the companys valuable assets. Hence, in order to safeguard the company from these potential threats and damages often caused by managerial failures, the shareholders find a less-riskier way of protecting company assets which are usually facilitated by a shareholder via a reward punishment method. The purpose of the rewards punishment method is to provide incentives for every properly executed managerial output. Other methods are also employed and utilized by the shareholders which are intended to protect the company assets such as the monitoring, assessing and checking on the decisions of the manager. Aside from incentives, sanctions are also given to the managers in order to align their interests and decisions based on that of the shareholders (Moldoveanu, M Martin, R., 2001). As in the case of any corporation, this manager-shareholder relationship exists and is most commonly referred to as the agency relationship. This paper on The Criticisms on Agency Theory and its Application on Corporate Governance is aimed at providing a detailed discussion of the agency theory, its history and basic concept, how it is currently being applied and manifested in many modern corporations nowadays and how this theory concept has been abused and improperly utilized by many corporations nowadays. A specific focus will also be allotted on the various criticisms on this particular theory and why its focus on merely two stakeholders: the managers and shareholders, is highly criticized by many people, specifically, other stakeholders involved in the organization. Moreover, this paper will answer how this criticism was justified and how in a way, the agency theory negatively affects proper corporate governance. To be more specific, this paper on The Criticisms on Agency Theory and its Application on Corporate Governance aims to answer the following questions: What is the agency theory? How did the agency theory begin and evolve? What is the role of the agency theory in corporate governance? What are benefits and advantages of adopting the agency theory in a corporation? What are the threats and disadvantages of adopting the agency theory in a corporation? Why is the agency theory being criticized with its focus on merely two stakeholders: the managers (agents) and shareholders (principal)? How does the agency theorys focus on merely two stakeholders: the managers (agents) and shareholders (principal) negatively affect corporate governance? How does this criticism affect other stakeholders within an organization, apart from the managers and the shareholders? A. Agency Theory: The Concept and its Beginnings According to the Economy Professor (2004), the agency theory originated in the year 1970s. This theory basically refers to the relationships that exist between the so-called owners of corporate assets and the so-called controllers of corporate assets. In simple terms, the agency relationship refers to the corporate relationship that exists between the shareholders and the managers within an organization. The agency theory also pertains to the firms view on its network of people resources. This theory states that a special kind of corporate relationship is formed when one person or a group of persons (known as the shareholders) decide to hire an individual or a group of individuals (known as the managers) to provide some service or work for them. Moreover, the agency relationship also occurs when the shareholders assign or delegate some decision-making tasks to the managers (Economy Professor, 2004). But aside from the shareholder-manager relationship, other forms of agency relationship may also exist in a corporation like for instance, the stockholder-debtholder relationship. Generally however, agency relationships are mostly used to refer to the shareholder-manager relationship. In many textbooks and journals, the agency theory is also being referred to as the principal-agent theory simply because it is a type of relationship that involves a principal or a shareholder and an agent or a manager (Economy Professor,2004). Moldoveanu, M Martin, R. (2001) further defined clearly what occurs in an agency relationship. They stated that in an agency relationship, the shareholder or the principal is the one who hires and accepts the services of a manager or the agent based mainly on the latters capabilities, professional competencies, decision-making ability and knowledge. Normally, the principal hires the agent because the former believes in the capabilities of the latter to increase and safeguard the assets of the company. Since the principal or the shareholder is the owner of those company assets, he or she will not hire an agent or manager who is not capable of increasing or protecting the assets of the company. Once the principal hires the agent to be in-charge of the company assets, the principal must automatically transfer his or her decision rights to that asset over to the agent (Moldoveanu, M Martin, R., 2001). The transferring of decision rights from the principal to the agent is vital in order for the latter to take full accountability, control and management over that asset. If there was no transferring of decision rights over to the hired agents, issues and problems stem from it which cause a negative impact not only on the relationship between these two stakeholders but also on the agents capacity to deliver the expectations of the principal (Donaldson, L. Davis, J., 1991). According to Lupia, A. (2001), the delegation of decision rights and power from the principal to the agent is highly important for an agency relationship to work. In the concept of the agency theory, the principal is known to be the person who performs the delegation process. The principal is the one who passes over the authority over the assets, specifically the power and authority to decide, to another person. The agent on the other hand is the one who acts as the recipient of the authority and power being delegated by the principal. When the full transferring or delegation of rights and authority is already transferred to the agent, then the agent already has the full accountability over the company assets. The agent is then subjected to either a sanction or an incentive depending on his management over the assets. According to Donaldson, L. Davis, J. (1991), various types of schemes are usually devised by the principals in order to prevent huge corporate losses due to managerial failures or the agents failure to deliver the shareholders goals and interests. Some of these schemes include financial rewards through the form of benefits and compensations which would greatly motivate the agents to achieve their company goals and align themselves with the interests of the shareholders. This has been an effective corporate strategy which proved to motivate agents to perform their managerial roles better (Donaldson, L. Davis, J., 1991). B. The Role of the Agency Theory in Corporate Governance According to Donaldson, L. Davis, J. (1991), the role of the agency theory in the modern corporations of today is quite important. Essentially, the concept of agency theory is both stewardship and shared ownership. Donaldson, L. Davis, J. (1991), states that the concept of shared ownership in the agency theory is what pushes and drives the managerial executives (agents) to perform beyond the top managements expectations. The idea that the professional managers are co-owners of the companys most valued assets is what drives them to perform better their management functions. Aside from their liability and accountability over the company assets, the idea that these managerial executives are co-owners themselves of the company assets is what makes them more concerned and involved in the nitty-gritty of the corporate process and their own functions. This therefore maximizes the shareholder returns which benefit all stakeholders within the corporation. Moreover, the agency theory encompasses the concept of stewardship. The agents or the professional managers act as the stewards of the company and its assets. Their decisions and their ability to successfully deal with various corporate issues and concerns as well as their ability to increase the value of corporate assets is what makes the managers good stewards of the business or the company (Donaldson, L. Davis, J., 1991). The capacity therefore of the agency theory to maximize shareholder returns by simply motivating the managers or the agents to perform their management functions better is what makes this theory quite useful in corporate governance. Moreover, the role of the agency theory in corporate governance involves a number of important elements which facilitate the effective governance and management of a corporation. One of which is exercise and practice of the decision rights. According to Moldoveanu, M Martin, R. (2001), the agency theory is what strengthens and allows for the proper exercise of the decision rights of the principals over the company assets. Since technically, the principals are the owners of the assets and they are the ones assigned at delegating the power and decision-making authority over to the agents, their rights must still be protected. This decision right comes in three types: a.) the principals right to create, initiate and implement a specific decision and b.) the principals right to authorize or give consent and approval to a specific decision and c.) the principals right to punish or reward an agent based on the results or outcome of a specific decision the latter has made. On the other hand, the agency theory also puts emphasis on the managerial rights that should be utilized and exercised by the agents. These management-decision rights include: a.) the agents decision right to propose, initiate or suggest a specific course of action or decision and b.) the agents decision right to counter, resist or veto a specific course of action or decision (Moldoveanu, M Martin, R., 2001). The agency theory also acts as the initiator and motivator of the punishments and rewards system in an organization. The agency theory states that the concept of incentive (rewards) and sanctions (punishments) is possibly the best form of motivation among all stakeholders, not merely the managers or the agents. Moldoveanu, M Martin, R. (2001) states that managerial incentives usually come in two types: a.) incentives for observable and obvious efforts exerted by the agent or the manager which usually come in the form of monetary or financial rewards such as bonuses, stock grants or salary increases and b.) incentives for observable and obvious efforts exerted by the agent or the manager which usually come in the form of non-monetary rewards, acknowledgement and other privileges. Given all these functions, the agency theory indeed performs a significant role in any organization in terms of safeguarding and increasing the companys most valued assets as well as motivating its stakeholders, specifically its agents or managers to go perform beyond top managements expectations given that their roles, functions and rights are clearly identified by the agency theory. C. The Benefits and Advantages of Adopting the Agency Theory One clear benefit of adopting and utilizing the agency theory within an organization is its ability to maximize the potentials and use of a particular agent. While the agents are clearly motivated to perform or even go beyond their managerial roles, the ultimate benefit is still being experienced by the shareholders as it is their assets which are being maximized. Although oftentimes, when the shareholders return on investment is quite high, all stakeholders also benefit out of it in the form of great financial rewards such as salary increases and bonuses (Sanchez, A.V., n.d.). The increase in shareholder returns and the value of the companys assets is one clear benefit and aim that the agency theory brings in to any corporation that is why its utilization is still very much applicable in the set up of modern corporations. In simple terms, the agents and the principals as well as other stakeholders within the organization directly benefit out of this company financial gain (Sanchez, A.V., n.d.). Another benefit in the adoption of the agency theory in corporations is the maximum utilization of the agency cost or the cost incurred by the shareholder by hiring the agent or the manager. Given that typically, an agent performs quite a number of critical roles including the important function of decision-making, the cost incurred by the company in hiring the agent is therefore justified by the amount of work or services accomplished by the agent for the company. This clearly benefits the shareholders as their agency costs can also be considered an investment for the further growth of company assets (Sanchez, A.V., n.d.). On the part of the agents, the application of the agency theory is also beneficial as it offers the application of the concept of maximum utility. The concept of maximum utility denotes a maximization of their potentials and skills which they have provided the company. In a way the end benefit is still clearly leaning towards the company. Nevertheless, the maximization of the managers skills and potentials also directly benefits him or her as an agent (Sanchez, A.V., n.d.). D. The Threats and Disadvantages of Adopting the Agency Theory According to Mallin (2007), the agency theory can possibly result into a number of threats or disadvantages in an organization. One of these disadvantages is the opportunistic view of the managers or the agents in the corporation. For instance, there were many instances when the agents (managers) took advantage of their power and used it for their own selfish interests. Apparently, some agents do not act in accordance to the interests and goals of the shareholders. Most of the time, the agents are tempted to use their power and decision-making advantages to pursue their own selfish interests and not act in behalf of the principals or shareholders of the company. Moreover, the agents may have a totally different view of what their roles or functions are supposed to be which may be far from what was defined by the shareholders. For instance, some agents or managers may avoid risk-taking which the shareholders consider essential in order to effectively increase the value of a corporate asset. Also, agents or managers have the tendency to avoid making decisions, especially those decisions which are entirely needed to properly govern the corporation. When this happens, the clash between these two stakeholders begin which is another disadvantage brought about by the agency theory (Mallin, 2007). Information asymmetry is also a common problem in the application of the agency theory. This happens when the amount or load of information accessed and received by the agent varies from that of the shareholder. When this happens, it results into an unbalanced amount of corporate knowledge or information between the two which may put either of them at a disadvantage. Also, the gaps in corporate knowledge or information may cause confusion or misunderstanding between these two important stakeholders. As a result of this, conflicts arise between the managers and the shareholders which hinder both of them from performing their distinct functions in a corporation (Mallin, 2007). The Criticisms on the Agency Theory: Why this theory focuses on merely two stakeholders: the managers (agents) and shareholders (principal) The agency theory, coined and popularized in the 1970s, has long been an existing concept and theory that people in the past centuries have been thinking of adopting. It was however only in the 70s that this concept was already adopted by many companies around the world. The popularity of the application and use of the agency theory only commenced when corporate governance became a more difficult and complicated task to do. When the corporations began to expand, more and more clients and employees became part of both the external and internal stakeholders of the company. An implication of this was the tasks became more difficult to manage that the owners of the corporation needed additional people to offer special work or services for them. This then resulted to the birth of the demand on hiring agents (Mallin, 2007). These agents, according to Mallin (2007), were recruited and hired based on their professional competencies, skills, talents and the ability to make decisions. The owners or the shareholders (principals) are the ones directly hiring these agents to offer special services them that would further grow or benefit the corporation. Moreover, Mallin (2007) asserted that the complications brought about by the increase in demand of the services offered by a corporation and an upsurge in the number of its clients, brought about the need to separate control and ownership in a corporation. Most of the time, shareholders or owners of a company are too busy to perform and attend to the important details in a corporations daily operations. The amount of work and responsibility that these owners need to perform are way too much that they need to add more employees to handle them. This therefore resulted into a separation of control and ownership in the company, with the shareholders performing the ownership function while the managers performing the control function. According to Mallin (2007), when the shareholders or principals start performing the ownership function, thats when they begin to make the agents and other stakeholders in the company more accountable and responsible in their tasks and functions. The command and directives come straight from them which would then have to be managed by those under them. When this happens, the shareholders would have a direct control over the business or the corporation just as owners should have. Accountability increases over the shareholders capacity to function as owners of the corporation and its most valuable assets. On the other hand, direct control over the corporations daily operations is exercised by the professional managers assigned by the shareholders. Full control and accountability rests on these individuals which make their functions highly critical in a corporation. These professional managers are concerned with the nitty-gritty of the daily affairs of the corporation as well as the handling of the people under them. Also, they are in charge of increasing the value of a corporate asset which puts more pressure on the functions that they perform in the corporation (Mallin, 2007). Hence, the focus of the agency theory is basically to put emphasis on the importance of the functions that both the principals (shareholders) and the agents (managers) perform or play in the success of corporate governance. This explains the main reason why most corporations nowadays exercise or apply the agency theory in their business framework. Also, the corporations found it to be very significant to maintain the healthy relationship between the principals and the agents as it is only then can they manage the various issues that corporations normally face. Moreover the distinct advantages of applying the agency theory are tremendous, such as the maximum utilization of the companys agents and the increase of the companys most valued assets, that it led many corporations to apply the agency theorys principles in their businesses. Nevertheless, Mallin (2007) argues that one of the most popular criticism against the agency theory is its focus on merely two stakeholders: the agents and the principals. According to corporate analysts, it is not healthy for a corporation to focus on merely two stakeholders and neglect all the other stakeholders that also play key roles in the organization. In the long history of corporate governance, it has been proven to be true that the agency theorys focus on the principal-agent relationship has caused many threats and disadvantages as well to the organization. For one, these two stakeholders cannot properly operate or function without the presence of other key constituents or stakeholders within the organization. Other key stakeholders such as the managers subordinates, suppliers and the investors also perform highly significant functions in the corporation which cannot be ignored or neglected. The seemingly unfair and unbalanced focus of the agency theory on only two stakeholders have been for a long time resulting into negative impacts in the organization which was justified through the perception of other stakeholders on the unequal distribution of power in the organization. The unequal distribution of power and privileges within the organization, mostly focused on only the principals and the agents, is what makes other key stakeholders feel deprived and unimportant in the corporation (Eisenhardt, K., 1989) When this happens, these other stakeholders like for instance the investors and suppliers may be tempted to take away their loyalty on the corporation and move to its competitor. This then places the corporation into a threatening situation as its key stakeholders know much confidential information about the company. F. The Stakeholder Theory versus the Agency Theory The many issues confronted by many corporations through the utilization and application of the agency theory in their corporate governance resulted into many negative impacts on the part of other stakeholders involved in the corporation. For one, these stakeholders namely the employees, investors, suppliers, communities, subsidiaries, the media and the government and other internal and external constituents that the corporation usually deals with, are not given sufficient attention and privileges compared to the shareholders and the managers. This is because in the agency theory, the focus is merely on the shareholder-manager relationship or the principal-agent relationship and not so much on other stakeholders. In order to avoid these kinds of issues on the part of other stakeholders, another theory was created which was the stakeholder theory. In essence, the stakeholder theory states the importance of addressing the needs and emphasizing the functions and roles of other relevant key stakeholders in the organization in order to effectively govern the corporation (Donaldson, T. Preston, L., 1995). Moreover, the stakeholder theory presents the first step to divert the attention from merely two stakeholders: the shareholders and managers, to other stakeholders such as the investors, suppliers, communities, media, political associations and the general public at large whom the corporation directly affects or influences (Donaldson, T. Preston, L., 1995). The stakeholder theory also gave a strong emphasis on the importance of identifying the corporations internal and external stakeholders. This is because any corporation would not be able to stand in itself and operate by itself without the aid of other key stakeholders which the corporation serves or which help the corporation achieve its organizational goals. In other instances, even the competitors can also be considered part of the organizations stakeholders (Donaldson, T. Preston, L., 1995). The usefulness of the stakeholder theory compared to the agency theory is that the former has a clearer, wider view and concern with other people outside of the managers and the shareholders. The stakeholder theory puts more emphasis on their importance as a corporate entity and in a way helps the corporation properly position itself as well, especially in the community where it operates (Donaldson, T. Preston, L., 1995). The stakeholder theory states that by identifying the internal and external stakeholders of a corporation, the interests of the corporation would be balanced among the interests of the other key stakeholders. The corporation therefore would not appear selfish or apathetic to the community and the general public at large because its organizational goals and principles are hinged from the best interests and common good of all its stakeholders, not just the managers and the shareholders. The stakeholder theory also paints a good view of the corporation to other stakeholders as it appears concerned and ready to serve the general public at large. Also, the application of the stakeholder theory implies that the corporation acknowledges that its decisions have either a positive or negative impact on the stakeholders in general. This makes the stakeholders therefore feel important being part of the corporation as its concerned and needs are acknowledged by the corporation where they belong compared to the agency theory which only highlights the contributions and roles of merely two stakeholders: the managers and shareholders. (Donaldson, T. Preston, L., 1995). Conclusion The agency theory in corporations is a useful and widely-used theory that has in itself a lot of distinct advantages and disadvantages to the corporation. Its focus on the important functions of the principals (shareholders) and the agents (managers) is what led to its popular application in corporate governance. For many decades, the use of the agency theory has benefitted many corporations as it aimed to strengthen the relationship between the principals and the agents whose main functions are considered the lifeblood of the corporation. Also, the agency theorys emphasis on the maximum utilization of the agents resulted into tremendous increases in the value of the corporations assets and the corporations maximization of the agency costs they incurred out of hiring the services of these agents or professional managers. Nevertheless, while the agency theory application resulted into many benefits and advantages, it also brought it certain negative impact and disadvantages in the corporations. For one, it resulted into conflicting interests between the managers and the shareholders. The shareholders often seem to have a hard time influencing the managers with their own organizational goals, while the latter focuses on pursuing his or her own selfish interests in the organization. Second, the lack of focus of the corporation on other relevant stakeholders brought forth more disadvantages in the organization as the other stakeholders felt unimportant and neglected in the corporation. This issue has therefore given birth to another theory called the stakeholder theory which balances out the unbalanced treatment and view of the agency theory on the other relevant stakeholders in the company by stating the important roles and functions of other key stakeholders which the corporation directly influences and affects as well.